Sunday, May 29, 2011

Autosomal DNA Matching and the Importance of Testing Multiple Family Members

I was contacted by a new cousin at 23andMe. She noticed a matching surname on our lists and requested to share genomes. Upon doing so, we discovered that we do indeed have a match. She matches me on 6.5 cMs of Chromosome 14 and Relative Finder predicts that we are seventh cousins. We quickly determined from our family trees that we are 9th cousins once removed, which slides in right at the end of the predicted range of 4th - 10th cousins. Our common ancestral couple is John Spofford (b.1678) and Dorcas Hopkinson (b.1676) from Massachusetts. Done. Great! Right?

Not so fast. Upon further investigation, I noticed something very interesting. The common ancestral couple is on my father's side, but my mother shares this match with me!  This "Spofford" Cousin matches not only me- but my mother, my sister and my two nieces on Chromosome 14. Therefore, the match on Chromosome 14 must come from my mother's ancestry, not my father's. So, is this once promising match a total failure? Take a look at Chromosome 5. That little dark blue smudge is a match that my sister shares with this cousin, but my mother and myself do not. Now, that one could be from my dad's side!

For a closer look, please click on the charts to enlarge

Actually, this Spofford Cousin matches both of my sisters on Chromosome 5. Dark blue and light blue smudges show up on Chromosome 5 on the chart below, signifying that my sisters share this 6 cM match.























Since I do not have my father's data at 23andMe, but I have tested his two siblings there, I checked to see if either one matches this cousin. Neither one does. This makes it impossible at this time to absolutely determine if this stretch of matching DNA on Chromosome 5 was inherited from the Spoffords. If, in the future, other matches show up that are descended from the Spofford or Hopkinson Families that will clarify the situation. Since I do have my father's data over at FTDNA's Family Finder, another possibility is to compare his raw data file with his Spofford Cousin at an independent project that compares data files from both companies, like GEDmatch (if she is willing to submit).

Because of the matching DNA on Chromosome 14, I examined my Spofford Cousin's family tree a bit more to see if I could determine from where that match might originate. I couldn't help but notice the surname Shellenbarger figuring prominently on her tree. I have written in the past about my mother's mysterious Stolebarger great great grandparents here and here and my theory that their often misspelled surname with its many variants could have evolved from a similar name. Sure enough, both the Shellenbargers and the Stolebargers were German immigrants living in Pennsylvania in the early 1800s and members of both families ended up in Iowa by the late 1800s. I could not find a solid connection, but this match will cause me to be more keenly aware of my mother's links to these Pennsylvania Dutch families, including our Roderick, Long and Roemig ancestors. This may even lead me to finally start that Stolebarger Y-DNA Project. In fact, I still have an unused kit sitting here waiting for a Stolebarger, Stolabarger or Stoalabarger male. Any takers?

Saturday, May 28, 2011

Known Relative Studies with 23andMe: Second Cousins

I recently received the results for my mother's second cousin. Our common ancestral couple is Matti Yrjanasson Syrjala Wiita (1852-1931) and Justiina Johanssdotter Wiita (1843-1907), both born in Ylistaro, Finland. He descends through their daughter Josefina and my mother and I descend through their son Matti.

I am fortunate to have a number of relatives with whom to compare this cousin. The expected percentage of DNA in common with a known second cousin is 3.125%. He and my mother share 3.27%, while he shares about 3.1% with her sister and 2.77% with their first cousin V.  It is interesting to see in the chart below that each of them inherited mostly unique segments with only a few segments in common. The chart compares my mother in dark blue, my maternal aunt in light green and their first cousin V in light blue to their second cousin (KnownC). All three women have the same familial relationship to him, but due to the random inheritance of autosomal DNA, they each share unique patterns and amounts of DNA with him. Notably, all four only share at one small spot on Chromosome 11.

Click on the chart to enlarge and get a closer look

I am also able to compare our known cousin to descendants of the women above to demonstrate what occurs when the DNA is passed to successive generations. Second cousins once removed would be expected to share half as much DNA as a second cousin (1.563%) and a second cousin twice removed would share half of that (.781%), the same percent as a third cousin. My sisters and I are all second cousins once removed from our known cousin. I share 1.08% and  my sisters share 1.84% and 1.38%. For second cousins twice removed, the actual percentages found in this study are .38%, .73%, .84% and .57%.  Below are four charts comparing our cousin to various family members, demonstrating how the DNA inheritance changes as it is passed down. All of the charts are laid out in the same way - comparing one of the second cousins and then two successive generations. All charts can be enlarged by clicking on them.

Note: On Chromosome #8 there is an unaccounted for small match. This match does not show in any other family member and may be a psuedo-segment
Note: On Chromosome #22 there is an unaccounted for match, This may be from inherited from the paternal side.

 
**Update - In the comments below, Dr. Ann Turner makes an important point about these four charts. She writes, "In addition to showing how shared segments vary in size and position, the multi-generation diagrams also show how the segments are inherited in an all-or-nothing fashion much of the time, especially as the segment size grows shorter. The longer segments naturally have a higher probability of being split by recombination."

Monday, May 16, 2011

Postage increase affects delivery of FTDNA kits

Apparently, there has been a large backlog of undelivered mail intended for FTDNA sitting at their local post office for the last couple of weeks. This was due to the fact that postage rates increased on April 17, 2011 for all types of mail except first class single ounce letters, thus changing the amount needed to return the DNA kits (previously $1.22). If you are wondering why you have not received notification that FTDNA has received your kit, yours may be one of those awaiting postage due. I am told that FTDNA is correcting the problem and having that mail delivered tomorrow as well as updating the recommended postage on the kit enclosure to reflect this increase. Meanwhile, if you have an unused kit at home, please be sure to note this change. The cost for each additional ounce after the first has increased from 17 cents to 20 cents. The post office recommended one customer post $1.71 for the return of the kit. I would suggest having yours weighed just to be sure.

**Update - FTDNA has confirmed that the correct postage to return their kits is $1.71.

Wednesday, April 20, 2011

DNA Heritage ceases operations and transfers databases to FTDNA

The genetic genealogy world just got a little smaller with
the closing of the DNA testing company DNA Heritage,
which was founded in 2003 by the well-respected Alastair
Greenshields.

DNA Heritage customers received the following
email regarding the transfer of assets to FTDNA:

Dear Customers,

Today we have signed an agreement with Family Tree DNA
to transfer the DNA Heritage database, and also the
Ybase domain, site and database. In a few weeks time,
the DNA Heritage domain will also be transferred.
Customers within the DNA Heritage database will be able
to opt-in to be uploaded into the FTDNA database.
Family Tree DNA will organize this opt-in process.
New orders can then later be taken through Family Tree
DNA. Project Funds for Surname Projects will remain
intact in the transfer.

In recent months sales have lowered which impacts the
rate at which we can cover the costs of the lab process.
With no immediate rise in sales, this became
unsustainable so we started the process of finding
a suitable company that could a) absorb the customer
database and b)continue testing at the same markers.
The number of companies that are able to do this is
limited but we hope that our past customers will be
happy with the transfer.

Because of the income from the sale of assets, testing
will resume at our current labs and we shall complete
all those in process, and also for those that have
pre-paid.

Customer tests will be handled thus:

If we have your sample and it is paid for, then we shall
get results out to you as soon as is possible. This
means that YSTR samples will be about 3 and a half
weeks or less, and mtDNA samples about 5 and a half
weeks or less.

If you have pre-paid and are about to return your sample
kit, then please do as we will test it.
If you have pre-paid and not yet received a kit, please
email us so that we can send a fresh kit out.

We have received recent orders but we haven't yet sent
out kits for. We shall contact these individuals to
provide the option of testing.

If we have had your DNA sample for less than 6 months,
we still have your DNA. However, this won't be
transferred over to Family Tree DNA and will be
discarded after the 6 month period.

As before, all testing will be through Sorenson Genomics
(YSTR tests) and/or Alpha Bio Labs (mtDNA) with which
we have had a relationship for several years.

On a personal note, it will be good to move on from
something that I started back in 2002. It was then a
nascent field, a period of rapid development, and an
exciting time to be pushing forward the understanding
of DNA testing within the public realm. I've always
enjoyed the fact that, through DNA, people are able
to form connections with their kin, wherever in the
world they may be. I also love that the results of the
tests often challenge a person's sense of history and
perception of themselves as they see that they are
linked to a much bigger family tree encompassing
every corner of the globe.

It's been a fascinating journey and I wish you all well.

Sincerely,

Alastair Greenshields
Principal
DNA Heritage


Questions should be directed here.

Friday, April 15, 2011

In Honor of DNA Day: Why I Won't Give Up On Autosomal DNA Testing for Genealogy

Many genealogists who tested with 23andMe for ancestry purposes have expressed their frustration with the low response rate of Relative Finder. Many of us have also experienced difficulty finding our common ancestors with our predicted cousins who do respond. I have a well-researched, fairly full family tree going back a number of generations on many branches and even I, as a big proponent of this service, have to admit it has been slow going.  However, I will not give up on autosomal testing for genealogy and here is why:

THIS IS JUST THE BEGINNING!
We are all at the forefront of this emerging science. It will take time to sort out its best uses, but I already see glimmers of its potential. Those of us who have been able to test a substantial number of our relatives are already discovering useful information and emerging patterns. In my opinion, focused family studies are the future of autosomal genetic genealogy. I am confident that there will be a time when we will have successful projects for ancestral individuals/couples and are able to identify probable descendants of these people who had no previous knowledge of this part of their ancestry. Trail blazers like Tim Janzen with his Youngman Family study, Wayne Kauffman with his Anabaptist Project, David Faux with his Young Family study and Whit Athey with his phasing project are already showing us what can be accomplished.

Biogeographical ancestry analyses like 23andMe's Ancestry Painting and FTDNA's Population Finder will become more specific and meaningful in the future. The reference population samples will be greatly improved in time, thus allowing all of us to determine what region of the world specific portions of our DNA originated.

I have already had success with discovering unknown Ashkenazi ancestry through my paternal line. I may never know exactly which ancestor is responsible for that stretch of my 7th Chromosome, but I believe that there is a good chance that, eventually, it will become discoverable.

It is true that my overall response rate on Relative Finder is low, but with over 500 predicted relatives in my account and each of the other numerous profiles that I handle, I have more than enough acceptances to happily work with for many, many months. Of these, I have already found the common ancestor with a number of my matches. This will only improve with more people in the database. If I sustain my current acceptance rate of ~20%, as the database grows, I should have a tremendous number of "success stories" to report.

I find it fascinating to have the opportunity to discover which stretches of my DNA are from specific great grandparents. Researching genealogy has always made me feel closer to my ancestors, but there is something very satisfying and meaningful to KNOWING that I have little bits of them inside me.

This is a classic case of choosing to see the glass half-empty or half-full. I can understand how some have already become frustrated with the limited set of tools we currently have for working with this data, but I will not be one of them. As for me, I will wring every drop of meaning out of each and every ancestry DNA tool that is offered to me with appreciation. This is what I have been waiting for ever since I first read about genetic genealogy back in 2002. I hoped it would happen and now it is here. I can be patient a little while longer, but I won't sit back and wait for others to figure it out for me. I want to be among the individuals who help to realize this great potential, discovering what autosomal DNA can tell us about ourselves and our ancestors.

Stay tuned...

Thursday, April 14, 2011

FTDNA's DNA Day Sale starts now!

FTDNA has just posted this to their Facebook page:

"DNA Day is April 15th! Starting at 12:00 PM on April 14th, join the celebration!

New customers:
Y-DNA12…… $59
Y-DNA37…… $129
...mtDNA……… $59
Family Finder… $199
Family Finder + Y-DNA12… $258
Family Finder + mtDNA…… $258
Family Finder + mtFullSequence + Y-DNA67 … $657

Upgrades:
Y-DNA12 add-on … $59
Y-DNA12 to 37…… $69
Y-DNA37 to 67…… $79
Y-DNA12 to 67…… $148
mtDNA add-on …… $59
mtFull Sequence upgrade … $199
Family Finder add-on … $199

To take advantage of these promotional prices use the coupon code: DNADAY2011

The coupon code will expire on Friday at midnight (CST).

Please note, the Y-DNA67 to 111 upgrade will remain at the introductory rate of $101 (no coupon necessary) until the end of this promotion. The price will be $129 going forward.

Payment must be received at the time of the order. Valid only on products listed. No substitutions. This promotion was announced in advance, therefore no adjustments will be made on previous purchases. Offer valid from 12:00 PM CST on Thursday, April 14, until 11:59 PM CST on April 15, 2011.

This promotion is not valid in combination with any other promotions. Family Tree DNA reserves the right to cancel any order due to unauthorized or ineligible use of discounts and to modify or cancel these promotional discounts due to system error or unforeseen problems. Subject to change without notice."


To take advantage of this offer go here and use coupon code DNADAY2011. This sale is only going to last for 36 hours, so don't procrastinate.
[Disclosure - My company StudioINTV has an existing production agreement with FTDNA that has no bearing on the opinions I express. I also receive a small commission from FTDNA on non-sale orders through my affiliate link, which I use to fund DNA tests. I receive no other compensation in relation to any of the companies or products referenced in my blog.]

Sunday, April 10, 2011

23andMe Sale on Monday!

23andMe has jumped the gun and is having their expected DNA Day Sale a bit early. The price will be $9 per month for a minimum of 12 months ($108) with no upfront charges. The following email was sent out to select customers:

"Although DNA Day is officially April 15th, we at 23andMe just couldn't wait that long. So we're celebrating a bit early with a big sale!

For a limited time, you can order a 23andMe kit for $0 up front, plus a 12-month commitment to our Personal Genome Service® at $9/month. This is down from the regular price of $199 plus $9/month.

Existing customers on our v2 genotyping platform can also take advantage of this sale to upgrade to the latest v3 platform for the same price by going to https://www.23andme.com/user/upgrade/Once your sample has been processed, you'll receive data on nearly 1 million places in your genome, information about your distant ancestry, and access to more than 180 health reports (optional). With the Personal Genome Service®, we'll also help you connect with potential relatives to fill out your family tree and keep you up to date on the latest research linking genetics to your health and traits. Learn more at http://www.23andme.com. 

This promotional price will be available from 12:00AM PST until 11:59PM PST on Monday 4/11/11, or while supplies last!  
Best Regards,
The 23andMe Team "