Family Tree DNA Offers Reduced Price Family Finder Tests

Check your inbox! Family Tree DNA just sent out an email to their customers offering the autosomal DNA Family Finder test for only $179 (regularly $289). A one-time use code is necessary. If you are a customer and did not receive one, check your spam filter. I have a few extras, so write to me if you need one. (Update - Thanks to a many kind donors, I have lots of codes now!)

The official email follows:

 

 Dear Family Tree DNA Customer,

We have you to thank for the tremendous success of the Family Finder product that launched in early 2010. Since that day some 10's of thousands of individuals have tested seeking answers to their genealogical questions. Children have found parents and half-siblings have randomly ‘found’ each other within the database. Family Tree DNA is proud to have played a part in those wonderful reunions. In an effort to thank each of you for your participation (which makes these matches possible), we are offering a one-time use coupon for you to share with any individual that you believe would like to order the Family Finder at $179. Simply copy and share the coupon code.

 

Your coupon code is XXXXX, we appreciate your past participation and invite you to share it with a friend or family member.  

Special Note: Coupon code has a firm expiration date of June 10th 2012 and is good for one use only.
Offer only valid for credit card payments. Enter the coupon code during the checkout process to purchase at the promotional price.
Best regards,

Bennett Greenspan

I Found My Third Cousin Today at 23andMe!

(I wrote this on 5/18, but hadn't gotten a chance to post it yet.)

Over on the Rootsweb Autosomal DNA List a debate is raging in regard to the chances of randomly matching an actual third cousin in the autosomal DNA databases at 23andMe or Family Tree DNA. Some feel that this is extremely unlikely and a number of our top atDNA genetic genealogists are weighing in on the subject. I have been following this intriguing discussion for a couple of days now and hoping that the astronomical odds quoted are overly pessimistic. With this is mind, I was especially excited to randomly discover and confirm an actual third cousin match today from 23andMe's Relative Finder.

Honestly, I am so busy helping other people with their autosomal DNA research that I rarely have time for my own. However, today I was quickly scanning my paternal uncle's new Relative Finder matches and I saw a predicted 2nd-3rd cousin.

Happily, this cousin accepted my invitation to compare our DNA and told me that he had the Moore surname in his family tree. When I looked up his unusual name on Facebook, I found that we had a mutual friend - the wife of my third cousin once removed through my Moore great great grandparents. She quickly filled me in on my match's genealogy and I discovered that we are, indeed, third cousins sharing our mutual great great grandparents Calvin and Mary/Martha (Armstrong) Moore. Of course, we don't share that much DNA at that level, only .43% of our DNA matches each other (3rd cousins would be expected to share about .781%). My sisters are also well below the expected amount at .52% and .30% and my second cousin from this line shares only .31% with him. My father's two siblings who are his second cousins once removed share 1.13% and .93% (expected ~1.563%). These numbers are a little lower than expected, but this isn't altogether surprising since autosomal DNA inheritance is so random and, especially after the second cousin level, I have found it to be pretty inconsistent. Regardless, the prediction by 23andMe was right on.

Since I don't share that much DNA with this third cousin, it was fairly easy to overlook him in my match list:

As you can see, I hadn't even sent him an invitation. The fact that I had an actual third cousin hiding in my match list, parading as "nothing special", gives me hope. So, please don't give up on autosomal DNA matching. I believe that our cousins are there just waiting to be found. If you can - test your parents, their siblings and your grandparents if you are lucky enough. If I didn't have my uncle's DNA in the database, in my haste, I probably would have overlooked this promising match and missed out on adding these three segments to my chromosome map.

Given this opportunity, let's look a little closer at my family comparisons with this cousin. The chart below graphically illustrates the DNA that my sisters and I share with our 3rd cousin. Each gray bar represents a pair of chromosomes. The colored bands represent where each of my sisters and I have a matching segment of DNA with our cousin. As you can see, my sisters and I each inherited unique patterns of our great great grandparents' DNA. Much of the shared DNA is on Chromosome 8, especially at the end where all three of us inherited the same small DNA segment from our Moore 2nd great grandparents.

Third Cousin Comparisons - Click to enlarge

Now, let's look at the inheritance pattern of two second cousins once removed.  This graph shows the areas where my dad's siblings match this Moore cousin. They share twice as many segments as two of us third cousins and three times as many as my sister who has the least DNA in common with them. Notice again, how little overlap there is between the two and that there is very little matching on Chromosome 8. This means that my dad's inheritance pattern was equally as unique since we sisters all show considerable matching on that specific chromosome with our Moore cousin.

2nd Cousin Once Removed Comparisons - Click to enlarge

Next, we can see that our second cousin (also a third cousin to this newly discovered Moore cousin) inherited completely different DNA from our shared 2nd great grandparents than my sister and I. Also, she only has two segments in common with him (light blue), but one is larger than any of those my sisters and I share with him. Her overall sharing is lower at only 23 cM versus 32 cM for me and 39 cM for my sister.  She is more in line with my other sister (not shown here) who only shares two segments and 22 cM with this cousin.

More Third Cousin Comparisons (Click to Enlarge)

As I have explained before, I tested my father's siblings since he is deceased, hoping to be able to use them as a proxy for his DNA. Since siblings only share an average of 50% of the DNA, you can see this plan does not always work out. My uncle (dark blue) shares almost completely different DNA with this cousin than my sister and I do.  The only commonality with this "new" Moore cousin lies on Chromosome 11 between my uncle and sister (illustrated by light blue and dark blue bars).

One 2nd Cousin Once Removed versus Two 3rd Cousin Comparisons

The same thing holds true for my paternal aunt (dark blue bars below). You can see all three of us match this cousin only on a small segment on Chromosome 8 (stacked colored bars). Since the dark blue on the chart below does not overlap any of the other DNA matches that my sister and I have with our Moore cousin, it is evident that my father's pattern of inheritance from these specific ancestors was quite diverse from that of both of his siblings.

Another 2nd Cousin Once Removed versus Two 3rd Cousin Comparisons

Since Calvin and Mary Moore are the sole common ancestors shared with this newly discovered cousin, then we can deduce that all of the shared DNA in those charts above originates with them. For me this means that this specific DNA is inherited from their son Willard Calvin Moore, my great grandfather. I can now identify these three little spots - one on Chromosome 1 and two on Chromosome 8 - as a gift from Willard to me.

Willard Calvin Moore (1877 - 1934)

[**Update - I have been receiving lots of inquiries about Mary "Martha" Armstrong Moore, so I will post her basics here. She was born on 2 May 1836 in Newport, Ontario, Canada to recent English immigrants Thomas and Dorothy (Hudspith) Armstrong from Northumberland, England. Mary had 13 siblings. She married Calvin Benjamin Moore in Ontario in 1854 and shortly thereafter moved to Michigan where she had, at least, eight children before dying in 1878 of consumption when my great grandfather Willard was only one year old. I would love to find an Armstrong cousin, so if this sounds familiar, please drop me a line!]

"Finding Your Roots with Henry Louis Gates, Jr." - DNA in the Tenth Episode

Last night, the final episode of Finding Your Roots with Henry Louis Gates, Jr. featured Michelle Rodriguez, Adrian Grenier and Linda Chavez. Although the three guests share Spanish Colonial ancestors, Dr. Gates noted that it is interesting that these celebrities who have such similar family trees each have a different view of their own identities: self-identifying as mixed-European, Native American and Hispanic. I was pleased to see that Dr. Gates "turned to two of America's top genetic research firms, Family Tree DNA and 23andMe" to assist in exploring their multiracial ancestries.

Exploring multiracial ancestries on "Finding Your Roots"

In the DNA portion's introductory voiceover (starting at 44:50), Dr. Gates explains, "DNA Analysis can tell us many things about our families, from where our earliest ancestors originated tens of thousands of years ago, to their ethnic and geographical distributions over the last five hundred years." In the first part of this statement, he is referring to the deep ancestry revealed through our Y-chromosome DNA and mitochodrial DNA haplogroups and, in the latter, to our admixture results like 23andMe's Ancestry Painting and FTDNA's Population Finder. In this episode, Dr. Gate's team utilizes both to find and confirm evidence of  the guests' ancestry.

Linda Chavez' Population Finder chart from FTDNA

For Linda, who considers herself a mix of European, there was a very interesting surprise. DNA admixture results support suggestions from early paper records and memories of symbolic traditions that Linda's family from New Mexico were likely part of the Crypto-Jewish community. Her Population Finder pie chart from Family Tree DNA reveals that she possesses 73.31% European, 5.82% Native American and 20.87% Middle Eastern ancestry.  Dr. Gates explained to her, "According to our researchers - the geneticists - your Middle Eastern result is strongly suggestive of Semitic or Jewish ancestry." Linda was surprised at just how much Jewish ancestry she appears to have. Prior to this type of DNA testing, she would have never known how significant this part of her ancestry really is.

New Mexico's Crypto-Jewish roots

Adrian had grown up strongly identifying with Native American culture, but the genealogy research of Dr. Gates' team had raised some questions about his claim of significant Native American ancestry. Adrian's eyes lit up with pride when his direct maternal line's Native American descent was confirmed by his mitochondrial haplogroup C12b. (A person can discover his or her mtDNA haplogroup by taking either a 23andMe test or Family Tree DNA's mtDNAPlus test.) 

Adrian beamed with pride when learning about his Native mtDNA

Dr. Gates explained that "C1b2 is recognized as one of the four haplogroups found among Native Americans." I think he is referring to mtDNA haplogroups A, B, C and D, but this statement is a bit of an oversimplification, especially since sub-haplogroups of X have also been found exclusively in Native Americans. The 2008 academic article The Phylogeny of the Four Pan-American MtDNA Haplogroups states:

As for mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA), it has been clear, since the early nineties, that mtDNAs of Native Americans could be traced back to four major haplogroups of Asian origin shared by North, Central and South American populations [3]–[7]. These were initially named A, B, C and D, and are now termed A2, B2, C1 and D1 [8]. Afterwards, a fifth haplogroup – now known as X2a – was described in Native Americans, but in contrast to the four “pan-American” haplogroups, its geographic distribution is restricted to some Amerindian populations of northern North America [8]–[12]. Later, two more haplogroups – D2a and D3 – were identified: D2a in the Aleuts and Eskimos [13], [14] and D3 only in the Eskimos [15], [16]. Most recently there were two further (uncommon) additions – D4h3 and C4c [14], [17] – bringing the total number of Native American haplogroups to nine.

Adrian looking at the frequency map of his C1b2 mtDNA

Dr. Gates stated that Adrian's admixture percentage for Native American was not "especially large", however from working with many people who have oral traditions of Native American ancestry, I felt that his 8.44% Native American was relatively significant, as Dr. Gates said "the equivalent of one great grandparent". (A great grandparent would be expected to contribute an average of about 12.5% of your DNA.)

Adrian's admixture results reveal 8.44% Native American

The fact that his results revealed 91.56% European DNA appears to support Dr. Gates' contention that the majority of the ancestral mixing between Natives and Spaniards took place early in Colonial times and was short lived. However, we must not forget that Adrian's father, John Dunbar, is primarily of Northern European ancestry, so his mother most likely has significant Native American ancestry, probably about 17%. (The admixture test used is 23andMe's Ancestry Painting or Family Tree DNA's Population Finder which is included with their Family Finder product.)

Next, Michelle Rodriguez was "appalled" to discover that she is primarily European - 72.4%.

Michelle learning that she is genetically primarily European

Her admixture results also revealed what seemed to be a more welcome surprise - 21.3% African.

Michelle's admixture result reveal substantial African ancestry

She was very disappointed to learn that she only possesses 6.3% Native American exclaiming, "I wanted to be Native American!" From my experience, she joins many Americans in this often repeated desire. As Adrian expressed at the end of the episode, DNA testing can be a life-altering experience, sometimes leading one to reinterpret their self-identity. He said that it would definitely change how he sees himself and how he represents his ancestry to others in the future.

Sadly, this brings us to the end of Dr. Gates' miniseries. I have been disheartened that both of the genealogy series aired their last episode this weekend, so I was extremely pleased to hear Lisa Louise Cooke's Genealogy Gems interview with Dr. Gates (33:00) where he discusses the fact that his team is already in pre-production for the next season of this series. Please hurry up, Dr. Gates, I can hardly wait!

Let's not forget that we all have the continuing opportunity to discover more about ourselves through genetic genealogy. I encourage you to start or continue this fascinating journey. Now that the show is over, I will have a chance to write more about my own DNA research. I hope you will keep reading.


I have been writing a review of the DNA testing used in each episode:
Week 1- Episode 1 & Episode 2 - Harry Connick Jr. & Branford Marsalis; Cory A. Booker & John Lewis
Week 2- Episode 3 - Barbara Walters & Geoffrey Canada
Week 3- Episode 4 - Kevin Bacon & Kyra Sedgwick
Week 4- Episode 5 -  Rick Warren, Angela Buchdahl & Yasir Qadhi
Week 5- Episode 6 - Robert Downey, Jr. & Maggie Gyllenhaal 
Week 6 - Episode 7 - Condoleezza Rice, Samuel L. Jackson & Ruth Simmons 
Week 7 - Episode 8 - Martha Stewart, Margaret Cho & Dr. Sanjay Gupta 
Week 8 - Episode 9 - Wanda Sykes, John Legend & Margarett Cooper

Mocavo is Wrong: 23andMe is not Partnering with AncestryDNA

On Sunday Mocavo sent out their email newsletter featuring an article, Ancestry.com Announces New AncestryDNA Service by Michael J. Leclerc, which contains a serious error. The first sentence of the second paragraph reads, "Partnering with 23andMe, AncestryDNA offers testing on all of your chromosomes, including the autosomal." On the heels of AncestryDNA's acquisition of Sorenson's DNA database, it is not surprising that this inaccuracy has resulted in much consternation among the genetic genealogy community today.

Public Relations Manager at 23andMe, Catherine Afarian sets the record straight, "While we have worked with Ancestry.com in the past, our partnership officially ended in 2010 and 23andMe is not affiliated or associated with AncestryDNA's current service offerings in any way." She goes on to reassure, "23andMe holds the trust of our community in the highest regard. 23andMe does not share an individual's data without their explicit consent." 

This press release from 2008 references the former relationship between the two companies. In practice, it amounted to little more than a free 23andMe demo account offered to Ancestry.com DNA customers.

Hopefully, Mocavo will issue a clarification to its subscribers on Monday, but in the meantime, I wanted to set the record straight to alleviate the understandable concern of many 23andMe customers and the community in general . 

Mixed Roots Foundation Raffling 23andMe and Family Tree DNA Kits Tomorrow

The non-profit Mixed Roots Foundation is sponsoring an Adoptee Comedy Show on May 21st - this Monday night - in San Francisco. As part of their raffle, they are including two Family Tree DNA kits and three 23andMe kits. These kits were generously donated by the respective companies. Anyone can participate and you don't have to be present to win. A portion of the proceeds from this raffle will benefit the Filling in the GAGP Fund which will help to offset the costs of DNA testing for adoptees.

ADOPTEE COMEDY SHOW RAFFLE
Raffle Items:

-2 DNA Testing Kits from Family Tree DNA

-3 DNA Testing Kits from 23andMe

-6 Jeff Dunham Merchandise (3 Puppets/Dolls, 3 T-Shirts)
-2 Pair of SF Giants Adoptee Night Tickets
-1 Yoga Month Pass
-1 Stella & Dot Gift Basket

Steps to Participate:

1.     LIKE Mixed Roots Foundation on Facebook
www.facebook.com/mixedrootsfoundation

2.     Donate - $2 for 1 Ticket
                     $5 for 3 Tickets
www.mixedrootsfoundation.org/donate

3.     Email events@mixedrootsfoundation.org with
Name, Number of Tickets and Phone Number

The deadline to purchase raffle tickets is 5pm PST on May 21, 2012.
You can watch the show live tomorrow night here.
Good luck!

**Update - Winners Announced!

[Full disclosure - I am a new member of the Mixed Roots Foundation Advisory Board and have been appointed the Co-director of the new Global Adoptee Genealogy Project with Richard Hill.]

"Finding Your Roots with Henry Louis Gates, Jr." - DNA in the Ninth Episode

The ninth episode of Finding Your Roots with Henry Louis Gates, Jr. featuring comedian Wanda Sykes, musician John Legend and 98-year old Margarett Cooper aired last night. Unfortunately, this was the shortest DNA segment of any episode so far (starting at 48:30), clocking just under two minutes. I have to admit that even without much genetic genealogy, I really enjoyed the thorough research tracing all three of these African Americans' family trees to their free ancestors of color. That was some outstanding genealogy work!

Although the genetic genealogy that was discussed in the episode was squeezed into a very small segment, I thought the explanations offered were very clear, so I will quote some of Dr. Gates' words here. In order to trace some of the guests' African ancestry back to its origin in Africa, the show used the company African Ancestry again. African Ancestry performs only Y-DNA and mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) tests, so keep in mind that they are only examining the direct paternal and/or direct maternal ancestral lines.

The paths of Y-DNA (in black) and mtDNA (in red) in our family trees

Dr. Gates explains, "Fathers pass on exact copies of their Y-DNA to each of their sons and mothers pass on replicas of their mitochondrial DNA to all of their children." This means that the Y-DNA follows only the direct male line because fathers pass their Y-chromosome only to their sons. Conversely, mtDNA follows only the direct maternal line because only women pass their mitochondrial DNA on to their children. For example, if you are a female and have a brother, you share the same mtDNA that was inherited from your mother, but only you will pass it to your children, while your brother's children will receive their mother's mtDNA instead of his. (One caveat to Dr. Gates' statement is that both Y-DNA and mtDNA occasionally mutate, so they are not always "exact copies".)

Dr. Gates goes on to say, "So, if an African American shares either of these DNA segments with a member of a present day ethnic group in Africa, then it is likely that they share a common ancestor." It is on this basis that African Ancestry reaches their conclusions. (I commented on this idea further in an earlier episode.) In order to be able to do this, African Ancestry has compiled a database of samples collected from "the ethnic groups in West and Central Africa that were most heavily raided during the slave trade."

Map of the regions sampled for African Ancestry's DNA database

Each of Dr. Gates' guests were tested to determine to which tribe this small portion of their DNA most closely matches. Being male, John Legend was fortunate to be able to trace both his Y-DNA and his mtDNA. His mtDNA was most similar to the Mende people in Sierra Leone and his Y-DNA was most similar to the Fula people in Guinea-Bissau. As Dr. Gates states, this "suggests" that these specific branches of his family tree lead to these areas.

John Legend's mtDNA traces to the Mende People

John Legend's Y-DNA traces to the Fula tribe.

The women only had the opportunity to trace their mitochondrial DNA since they do not have Y-chromosomes. Wanda didn't seem to have received a very specific result. The show stated that her mtDNA matched several groups, including the Tikar and Fulani (appears to be the same as the Fula) people of Cameroon. Incidentally, without seeing her family tree, this demonstrates to us that her white ancestor Elizabeth Banks who mothered Wanda's line of free ancestors of color was not her direct maternal ancestor (mother's mother's mother, etc....). If she had been, Wanda would have likely possessed European mtDNA.

Wanda Sykes's mtDNA traces to the Tikar and Fulani people

As a side note, I thought it was a lot of fun watching the lovely Margarett fulfill one of her stated life goals by learning more about her ancestors before she dies. Her welcome inclusion in the show supports the idea that watching non-celebrities unravel the secrets of their family trees can be just as compelling (sometimes more so) than the stream of celebrities being offered these opportunities.

Margarett right after learning the origins of her mtDNA

Margarett was extremely pleased to discover that her maternal roots traced back to the Temne people of Sierra Leone. (I strongly suggest following the links to read about all of these interesting African groups.)

Margarett's mtDNA traces to the Temne Tribe of Sierra Leone

Let's not forget that in focusing exclusively on the Y-DNA and mtDNA, large portions of the guests' genetic heritage was ignored. My wishlist for this episode would have, of course, included the popular pie-charts with the ancestral origin percentages (admixture) for each of the guests. It would have been interesting to see how much European DNA each of these guests possess, as well as if there is potential for Native American ancestors in their family trees. Usually Dr. Gates uses 23andMe's Ancestry Painting for this, although he sometimes also uses Family Tree DNA's Population Finder as well. At the top of the list would have been an autosomal DNA test performed on John Legend's delightful fourth cousin John Hale to determine if they share any detectable DNA segments inherited from their mutual third great grandfather, the legendary Peyton Polly and his unknown wife. A test such as 23andMe or Family Tree DNA's Family Finder have about a 50% chance of detecting shared DNA between fourth cousins. As I have said before, the use of genetic genealogy in exploring these types of questions is my favorite application of the science. Autosomal DNA testing works best for examining a theory that two people are related to each other in relatively recent times. A negative result does not disprove the connection at this level of relatedness, but a positive one can strongly support it. Unfortunately, while Dr. Gates' team likely performed many of the DNA tests on my list, there wasn't time to show all of the results.

Sadly, next week is the last episode of the series, so I hope it is chock full of genetic genealogy! I don't know where all of us will go to get our television genealogy fix since "Who Do You Think You Are?" is also ending next week (apparently for good). I sure hope that Dr. Gates hurries up and produces another one of his great family history series!

For the last episode, Dr. Gates and his team will be exploring the multiracial ancestry of Michelle Rodriguez, Adrian Grenier and Linda Chavez. See you then!

I have been writing a review of the DNA testing used in each episode:
Week 1- Episode 1 & Episode 2 - Harry Connick Jr. & Branford Marsalis; Cory A. Booker & John Lewis
Week 2- Episode 3 - Barbara Walters & Geoffrey Canada
Week 3- Episode 4 - Kevin Bacon & Kyra Sedgwick
Week 4- Episode 5 -  Rick Warren, Angela Buchdahl & Yasir Qadhi
Week 5- Episode 6 - Robert Downey, Jr. & Maggie Gyllenhaal 
Week 6 - Episode 7 - Condoleezza Rice, Samuel L. Jackson and Ruth Simmons 
Week 7 - Episode 8 - Martha Stewart, Margaret Cho and Dr. Sanjay Gupta

Reminder - 23andMe's subscription model ends today at 5pm PST

Don't forget that today is the last day to order a 23andMe kit under the subscription model. You can purchase the kit for either $99 upfront and $9 per month for the next 12 months or you can pay $207 upfront. Starting at 5pm PST the price increases to $299. This is the last chance to get into the database for a low entry price.

With the risk of sounding like a commercial, if you were planning on purchasing a kit in the near future, now is the time to order.  I don't want any of my reader's to miss this opportunity just because they didn't know about it.

More details are in Tuesday's post.